• Dr Gowri Kulkarni, Head Of Medical Operations, MediBuddy

Breastfeeding is a profound journey that extends far beyond merely nourishing a newborn. It’s a dynamic process that involves intricate hormonal changes in a mother’s body, impacting both her physical and emotional health. The hormonal adaptations associated with breastfeeding influence various aspects of maternal physiology, including reproductive function, metabolism, stress response, and emotional regulation. These changes, while primarily beneficial for lactation and infant care, can also present challenges that require careful management and monitoring. Understanding these hormonal changes and their effects is essential for new mothers to navigate this period with confidence and ensure their well-being.

1.       Prolactin: The Milk Production Hormone

Prolactin is the primary hormone responsible for milk production. During breastfeeding, prolactin levels increase, stimulating the mammary glands to produce milk. Elevated prolactin levels can also lead to decreased fertility by inhibiting the production of the reproductive hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). This natural form of contraception, known as lactational amenorrhea, can delay the return of menstruation and ovulation.

Possible Health Implications: While this can be beneficial for spacing pregnancies, it’s important for mothers to be aware of this effect and plan accordingly if they wish to conceive again soon. High prolactin levels can also cause mood swings and fatigue, so adequate rest and support are crucial.

2.      Oxytocin: The Bonding Hormone

Oxytocin, often called the “love hormone,” is released during breastfeeding and helps with milk ejection or “let-down.” This hormone promotes bonding between mother and child, fostering a sense of closeness and attachment. Oxytocin also plays a role in contracting the uterus post-delivery, helping it return to its pre-pregnancy size and reducing postpartum bleeding.

Possible Health Implications: The release of oxytocin can lead to feelings of contentment and reduce stress levels. However, if oxytocin levels are low, it may affect milk let-down and bonding, potentially contributing to difficulties in breastfeeding and postpartum depression.

3.      Oestrogen: Reduced Levels Postpartum

During breastfeeding, oestrogen levels are significantly lower compared to pre-pregnancy levels. Oestrogen is vital for regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining reproductive tissues. The drop in oestrogen can cause vaginal dryness and discomfort, especially during intercourse.

Possible Health Implications: This reduction can lead to decreased libido and vaginal dryness. Using lubricants and engaging in open communication with partners about these changes can help manage discomfort. It’s also advisable to consult healthcare providers for appropriate interventions if needed.

4.      Progesterone: The Calming Hormone

Progesterone levels drop dramatically after childbirth, which can influence mood and emotional stability. This hormone has a calming effect on the body, and its sudden decrease can contribute to the “baby blues” or postpartum depression in some women.

Possible Health Implications: Mothers should be mindful of their emotional health and seek support if they experience significant mood swings or depressive symptoms. Engaging in stress-reducing activities, such as light exercise and mindfulness practices, can help manage these hormonal fluctuations.

5.      Thyroid Hormones: Regulating Metabolism

Pregnancy and breastfeeding can affect thyroid hormone levels, which are crucial for regulating metabolism. Some women may experience postpartum thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid that can cause hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid hormone) followed by hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone).

Possible Health Implications: Symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, and mood disturbances should not be ignored. Regular monitoring of thyroid levels and appropriate medical treatment can help manage these conditions and maintain overall health.

6.      Cortisol: The Stress Hormone

Cortisol levels can fluctuate during breastfeeding, influenced by stress and sleep deprivation common in new motherhood. Elevated cortisol can impact milk supply and overall maternal health.

Possible Health Implications: High cortisol levels can lead to increased stress and anxiety. It is important for breastfeeding mothers to prioritise self-care, get adequate rest, and seek support from family and healthcare providers to manage stress effectively.

Understanding these hormonal changes is crucial for preventive care during the breastfeeding period. Preventive care, including regular health check-ups, open communication with healthcare providers, and a strong support system, can help manage these changes effectively. By being proactive about their health and well-being, breastfeeding mothers can ensure they remain healthy and able to provide the best care for their infants. Prioritising self-care and seeking help when needed are essential steps in navigating the postpartum period successfully.