Dr. Dandu Hemanth Naga Varma, Consultant Surgical Ongologist, HCG Cancer Hospital, Vizag

It often starts in a way that feels almost too ordinary to worry about, a sore throat that
lingers a little too long, a voice that sounds slightly different, or the uncomfortable feeling
that something is stuck in the throat. Most people brush it off as stress, a seasonal infection,
or simple irritation. But sometimes, these small changes are the body’s early signals that
something more serious is developing in areas like the mouth, throat, voice box, or nasal
passages, which are collectively linked to Head and neck cancer. The challenge is that these
early clues are subtle enough to blend into everyday life, making them easy to ignore until
they begin to persist.

In many cases, the earliest signs are subtle but persistent. A sore throat that does not
improve, difficulty swallowing, or a constant sensation of something stuck in the throat may
be early indicators. Some individuals may also notice changes in their voice, such as
hoarseness that lasts for weeks, or mild pain while speaking or swallowing.

Unusual lumps or swelling in the neck, jaw, or mouth should never be ignored. These may
be painless at first but can indicate enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal growths. In some
cases, a lump in the neck may be the first visible sign of cancer spreading from another area
in the head or neck.

Mouth related symptoms are also common. Persistent ulcers, red or white patches inside
the mouth, or unexplained bleeding can be early indicators. These changes may seem minor
but can signal precancerous or cancerous conditions if they do not heal over time.

Other symptoms to watch for include unexplained weight loss, frequent nosebleeds, or
ongoing nasal congestion that does not improve. Ear pain, particularly when it occurs
without any apparent ear infection, can also be a sign due to shared nerve pathways in the
head and neck region.

Although these symptoms can often be caused by minor illnesses, their persistence beyond
a normal recovery period should not be overlooked and may warrant medical evaluation.

Certain risk factors significantly increase the likelihood of developing cancers in the head
and neck region, including Head and neck cancer. Among the most well established causes
is tobacco use in any form whether smoking cigarettes, cigars, or using smokeless products
like chewing tobacco. Tobacco contains a wide range of carcinogenic chemicals that directly
damage the DNA of cells lining the mouth, throat, and voice box. With repeated exposure
over time, this damage accumulates, increasing the chances of abnormal and uncontrolled
cell growth.

Heavy and regular alcohol consumption is another major contributing factor. Alcohol acts as
an irritant to the delicate tissues in the upper aerodigestive tract, making them more
vulnerable to damage from other carcinogens, especially tobacco. When alcohol and
tobacco use are combined, their harmful effects are not just additive but synergistic,

meaning the risk of developing cancer increases dramatically compared to using either
substance alone.

In addition to lifestyle habits, infection with Human papillomavirus has emerged as an
important cause, particularly in cancers of the throat and tonsil region. Certain high-risk
strains of this virus can integrate into the host’s cells and interfere with normal cellular
control mechanisms, leading to persistent infection and, over time, malignant
transformation. Unlike tobacco or alcohol related cancers, HPV associated cancers may
develop even in individuals without traditional risk behaviours.

Over time, continuous exposure to these risk factors damages the normal repair
mechanisms of the body. Cells in the affected areas may begin to grow and divide
abnormally, forming precancerous changes that can eventually progress into cancer if not
detected and addressed early. This is why reducing exposure to these risks and maintaining
regular health check-ups are so important in prevention and early detection.

Finally, the key to tackling head and neck cancers lies in awareness and early action.
Recognizing persistent or unusual symptoms and seeking timely medical advice can make a
life saving difference. Even though many of these signs may be caused by less serious
conditions, it is always better to have them evaluated rather than overlooked.